Американская военная машина. Глубинная политика, глобальная связь ЦРУ с наркотиками и путь в Афганистан - Peter Dale Scott
-and-very-profitable-world-of-intelligence-and-narcotrafficking). Cf. James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006), 165–66.
88. USA Today, October 26, 2004. Noorzai was finally arrested in New York in 2005, having come to this country at the invitation of a private intelligence firm, Rosetta Research. The U.S. media reports of his arrest did not point out that Rosetta had failed to supply Noorzai the kind of immunity usually provided by the CIA (Washington Post, December 27, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/
wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/26/AR2008122602099.html; New York Sun, January 29, 2008, http://www.nysun.com/foreign/justice-dept-eyes-us-firms-payments
-to-afghan/70371).
89. Personal communication, December 29, 2009, citing UNODC reports of 2008 and 2009; cf. New York Times, October 22, 2009.
90. Sibel Edmonds and Philip Giraldi, “Found in Translation: FBI Whistleblower Sibel Edmonds Spills Her Secrets,” The American Conservative, January 28, 2008, http://www.amconmag.com/article/2008/jan/28/00012. Others have written about the ties between U.S. intelligence and the Turkish narcointelligence connection; see, e.g., Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 224–41; Martin A. Lee, “Turkey’s Drug-Terrorism Connection,” ConsortiumNews, January 25, 2008, http://www.consortium
news.com/2008/012408a.html.
91. London Sunday Times, January 6, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3137695.ece: “‘If you made public all the information that the FBI have on this case, you will see very high-level people going through criminal trials,’ she said.”
92. Risen, State of War, 154.
93. Loretta Napoleoni, Terror Incorporated: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005), 90–97: “While the ISI trained Islamist insurgents and supplied arms, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, several Gulf states and the Taliban funded them. . . . Each month, an estimated 4–6 metric tons of heroin are shipped from Turkey via the Balkans to Western Europe” (90, 96).
94. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, x–xi.
95. International Herald Tribune, January 25, 2009, http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2009/01/25/europe/OUKWD-UK-FINANCIAL-UN-DRUGS.php. Cf. Daily Telegraph (London), January 26, 2009.
96. James Risen, “U.S. to Hunt Down Afghan Lords Tied to Taliban,” New York Times, August 10, 2009: “United States military commanders have told Congress that . . . only those [drug traffickers] providing support to the insurgency would be made targets.”
97. Nick Mills, Karzai: The Failing American Intervention and the Struggle for Afghanistan (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007), 79.
98. New York Times, October 27, 2009.
99. Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Pack: The People, Politics and Espionage Intrigues That Shaped the DEA (Springfield, OR: TrineDay, 2009), 333.
100. Shaun McCanna, “It’s Easy for Soldiers to Score Heroin in Afghanistan,” Salon, August 1, 2007, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/08/07/afghan_heroin. Cf. Megan Carpentier, “Is The Military Ignoring the Heroin Problem in the Ranks?” AirAmerica.com, October 20, 2009, http://airamerica.com/politics/10-20-2009/
military-ignoring-its-heroin-problem/?p=all; Gerald Posner, “The Taliban’s Heroin Ploy,” The Daily Beast, October 19, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and
-stories/2009-10-19/the-heroin-bomb/full.
101. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 171, cf. 103.
102. General Mahmut Gareev, “Afghan Drug Trafficking Brings US $50 Billion a Year,” RussiaToday, August 20, 2009, http://russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-08-20/afghanistan-us-drug-trafficking.html.
103. Jeremy R. Hammond, “Pakistan: General Hamid Gul on Destabilizing Pakistan,” Foreign Policy Journal, August 27, 2009, http://axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_56790.shtml.
104. “Occupiers Involved in Drug Trade: Afghan Minister,” PressTV, November 1, 2009, http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=110130§ionid=351020403.
105. See William Blum, “The Anti-Empire Report, No. 6,” January 6, 2010, http://killinghope.org/bblum6/aer77.html; Rick Rozoff, “2010: U.S. to Wage War throughout the World,” StopNATO, December 31, 2009, http://rickrozoff.wordpress
.com/2009/12/31/2010-u-s-to-wage-war-throughout-the-world.
Chapter 11: Conclusion
1. This was always true but has been hastened by digital technology. Sandra Braman has described how the welfare states are being progressively displaced by informational states, the latter being defined as states in which governmental bureaucracies “deliberately, explicitly, and consistently control information creation, processing, flows, and use to exercise power” (Sandra Braman, Change of State: Information, Policy and Power [Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006], 1, emphasis added).
2. A good survey of what others have called the trend toward “authoritarianism,” “inverted totalitarianism” (Sheldon Wolin), or “soft” or “friendly fascism” (Bertram Gross) can be found in Henry A. Giroux, “Democracy and the Threat of Authoritarianism: Politics beyond Barack Obama,” Truthout, February 15, 2010, http://www.truthout.org/democracy-and-threat-authoritarianism-politics-beyond
-barack-obama56890.
3. For example, an intelligent overview of Afghan history by Paul Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Gould endorses the sane proposal of the Senlis Council, an international think tank, that “would see the conversion of Afghan opium into medicine, with the ultimate beneficiary being the rural Afghan villager” (Paul Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Gould, Invisible History: Afghanistan’s Untold Story [San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2009], 322). But sanity does not guide the formation of narcotics policy, highly positioned traffic protectors do (as David Musto discovered in 1980).
4. Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: The CIA, Drugs, and Armies in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 180.
5. David S. Hilzenrath, “Hill Panel Finds No Evidence Linking Contras to Drug Smuggling,” Washington Post, July 22, 1987.
6. Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press (London: Verso, 1998), 31.
7. U.S. Congress, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., House Report No. 100-433, 630–31. The staff report was published as Appendix E to the minority House Republican report submitted by then-Congressman Dick Cheney.
8. Peter Dale Scott, Drugs, Contras and the CIA: Government Policies and the Cocaine Economy: An Analysis of Media and Government Response to the Gary Webb Stories in the San Jose Mercury News (1996–2000) (Los Angeles: From the Wilderness Publications, 2000), http://www.drugwar.com/cv4.shtm, citing CIA, Office of Inspector General, Report of Investigation Concerning Allegations between CIA and Contras in Trafficking Cocaine to the United States, January 19, 1998, paras. 237, 287, 308, 1099.
9. See discussion in Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 125–77, esp. 142–46.
10. Ben Bradlee Jr., Guts and Glory: The Rise and Fall of Oliver North (New York: D.I. Fine, 1988), 426; Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 145.
11. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 41–42 and passim, quoting Newsweek, May 13, 1985.
12. 9/11 Commission Report, 171.
